Monday, June 28, 2010
Thursday, June 24, 2010
AN ACCOUNT OF WOMEN’S PROGRESS IN ENGINEERING: A SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Christina Vogt University of Southern California and Gender Watch(ers)
ABSTRACT
Traditionally, women were not welcome in higher education, especially in male-dominated fields. Undoubtedly, women have dramatically increased their enrollments in many once male-only fields, such as law, medicine, and several of the sciences; nevertheless, engineering remains a field where women continue to be underrepresented. This has often been attributed to social barriers in engineering classrooms. However, a new turn of events has been reported: Young women entering engineering may receive higher grades and have a greater tendency to remain than men. To examine what has recently changed, the author applied Bandura’s triadic model of reciprocity between environment, self, and behavior. The measured variables included academic integration or discrimination, self-measures of academic self-confidence, engineering self-efficacy, and behaviors taken to self-regulate learning: critical thinking, effort, peer learning, and help seeking. The data revealed that women apply slightly more effort and have slightly less self-efficacy than men. Their academic confidence is nearly equal in almost all areas. Most significantly, many previous gender biases appear diminished, and those that do exist are slight. However, it is recommended that continued efforts be undertaken to attract and retain women in engineering programs.
from my dearest sis thanx a lot.
Traditionally, women were not welcome in higher education, especially in male-dominated fields. Undoubtedly, women have dramatically increased their enrollments in many once male-only fields, such as law, medicine, and several of the sciences; nevertheless, engineering remains a field where women continue to be underrepresented. This has often been attributed to social barriers in engineering classrooms. However, a new turn of events has been reported: Young women entering engineering may receive higher grades and have a greater tendency to remain than men. To examine what has recently changed, the author applied Bandura’s triadic model of reciprocity between environment, self, and behavior. The measured variables included academic integration or discrimination, self-measures of academic self-confidence, engineering self-efficacy, and behaviors taken to self-regulate learning: critical thinking, effort, peer learning, and help seeking. The data revealed that women apply slightly more effort and have slightly less self-efficacy than men. Their academic confidence is nearly equal in almost all areas. Most significantly, many previous gender biases appear diminished, and those that do exist are slight. However, it is recommended that continued efforts be undertaken to attract and retain women in engineering programs.
from my dearest sis thanx a lot.
THE EFFECT OF WORLD WAR II ON WOMEN IN ENGINEERING Anne M. Barker The John D. Hromi Center for Quality and Applied Statistics, Rochester Institute of
ABSTRACT
The field of engineering has been one of the most difficult for women to enter. Even with an increase in the proportion of women in the engineering workforce from 0.3% before the 1970s to 9.5% in 1999, women are still seriously underrepresented. This article examines the history of women in engineering in the United States during World War II. Women were actively recruited as engineering aides by the federal government, which saw them as a temporary substitute for men who were in the military. Yet this crisis did not break down the barriers to and prejudices against women in engineering, nor did it give them a real opportunity to become professional engineers equal to men. After the war, calls for a return to normalcy were used to reestablish social norms, which kept women at home and reserved desirable places in the workforce, including in engineering, for men.
from my dearest sis thanx a lot.
The field of engineering has been one of the most difficult for women to enter. Even with an increase in the proportion of women in the engineering workforce from 0.3% before the 1970s to 9.5% in 1999, women are still seriously underrepresented. This article examines the history of women in engineering in the United States during World War II. Women were actively recruited as engineering aides by the federal government, which saw them as a temporary substitute for men who were in the military. Yet this crisis did not break down the barriers to and prejudices against women in engineering, nor did it give them a real opportunity to become professional engineers equal to men. After the war, calls for a return to normalcy were used to reestablish social norms, which kept women at home and reserved desirable places in the workforce, including in engineering, for men.
from my dearest sis thanx a lot.
Wednesday, June 16, 2010
Utamakan Keselamatan Di Bengkel Automotif
Awaslah ketika berkerja dengan enjin yang bergerak atau enjin yang sebaik sahaja dimatikan. Akibat kelalaian mungkin kemalangan akan berlaku. Berikan perhatian yang lebih pada bahagian yang bergerak atau binaan enjin yang panas seperti kipas dan talisawat, karburetor dan salur bahan api, litar voltan tinggi sistenm penyala, radiator, Pancarongga dan ekzos, tudung bonet, atau bahan-bahan kimia yang terlibat di penyelenggaraan enjin. Utamakan keselamatan diri anda, ikuti langkah-langkah keselamatan dan amalan keselamatan yang telah disediakan pada bengkel anda.
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